Accurate estimation of the ionosphere is essential for reliable Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, timing, and space weather applications. A key challenge lies in converting slant ...

The solar system originated from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.5 billion years ago, with the Sun forming in the central region through nuclear fusion and the planets condensing ...

Far beyond Neptune, astronomers have finally confirmed a compact clump of icy worlds hiding inside the Kuiper Belt, a feature ...